I. Ibiranga ibice byubushinwa nibigize isoko bifasha isoko
Nizera ko abatanga isoko benshi barimo gushakisha iki kibazo, nkuko byavuzwe kera: menya ubwawe, umenye umwanzi wawe, kandi uzatsinda intambara ijana.
Kubatanga isoko mugihe cyinzibacyuho cyangwa kwitegura kwinjira mubice byimodoka byubushinwa bishyigikira inganda, gusobanukirwa ibiranga isoko ryimbere mu gihugu birashobora kugabanya "amashuri" adakenewe.Ibiranga isoko ryimbere mu gihugu birashobora kuvunagurwa muburyo bukurikira:
1. Ugereranije nisoko nyuma yo kugurisha, hari ubwoko butandukanye, ariko ubwinshi bwa buri cyiciro ni bunini.
2. Ingorane zo mu rwego rwo hejuru kuruta isoko ryo kugurisha.
Bitewe no kugenzura bitaziguye no kwitabira oEMS, ibisabwa bya tekiniki bizaba hejuru cyane kuruta ibyanyuma;
3. Kubijyanye na logistique, kugihe no gukomeza gutanga bigomba kwemezwa rwose, kandi oEMS ntigomba guhagarika umusaruro kubera iki;
Byiza, ububiko bwaba buri hafi ya oEMS.
4. Ibisabwa bya serivisi bihanitse, nkibishoboka kwibuka.
Mubyongeyeho, nubwo icyitegererezo mutanga cyahagaritswe, mubisanzwe ugomba kwemeza ibice bitangwa mumyaka irenga 10.
Ku baguzi benshi, nta cyumba kinini gisigaye ku isoko ryimbere mu gihugu, kandi guteza imbere amasoko yo hanze nicyo kintu cyambere.
Icya kabiri, uko ibintu bimeze muri iki gihe inganda zikora amamodoka yo mu Bushinwa
1. Abashinwa bakora ibicuruzwa byaho bahura nibibazo byinshi
Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda z’imodoka mu Bushinwa, imbaraga z’abakora ibinyabiziga zongerewe cyane.
Ibinyuranye cyane, inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa ziracyari kure cyane no gukomera.
Mu rwego rwo kuzamuka kw'ibikoresho fatizo bizamuka, gushimira Renminbi, kuzamuka kw'ibiciro by'umurimo no kugabanuka inshuro nyinshi ku misoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, haba kuzamura ibiciro cyangwa kutabikora ni ikibazo kuri buri kigo.
Nyamara, ku masosiyete y’ibihugu by’Ubushinwa, izamuka ry’ibiciro rishobora gusobanura gutakaza ibicuruzwa, kubera ko ibicuruzwa ubwabyo bidafite ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze, iyo bitakaje inyungu gakondo, noneho birashobora guhura n’umuntu utishyura “Made in China” ibintu biteye isoni.
Mu mwaka wa 2008 imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’imodoka mu Bushinwa Shanghai, abatanga ibice byinshi bavuze ko bigaragara ko bumvise igitutu ku isoko mpuzamahanga.Mu myaka mike ishize, ibigo bishobora kubyara inyungu nziza, bitewe ningaruka zibiri ziterwa n’ibiciro fatizo no kuzamuka kw’amafaranga, inyungu zabo zabaye mbi cyane kurusha mbere, kandi inyungu zoherezwa mu mahanga ziragenda ziyongera.
Irushanwa ku isoko rishyigikira amamodoka yo mu gihugu riragenda rirushaho gukaza umurego, kandi inyungu rusange y’ibigo bikora isoko rishyigikira isoko nyuma yo kugurisha iragabanuka, ku kigereranyo cyo hagati ya 10%.
Byongeye kandi, ibigo by’ibihugu byinshi byinjiye mu Bushinwa kandi byiyongera cyane mu bijyanye n’ibinyabiziga bitwara abagenzi n’ibigize ibinyabiziga by’ubucuruzi, biganisha ku mbogamizi zikomeye ku masosiyete akorera mu Bushinwa.
2. Imbaraga zikomeye mubatanga ibihugu byinshi
Bitandukanye nibihe bigoye cyane kubatanga isoko, ibihugu byinshi biratera imbere mubushinwa.
Denso w'Ubuyapani, Mobis wo muri Koreya y'Epfo, na Delphi na Borgwarner wo muri Amerika, hamwe n'abandi, bafite amasosiyete yose cyangwa agenzura mu Bushinwa, kandi ubucuruzi bwabo bugenda bwiyongera bitewe n'iterambere rikomeye ku isoko ry'Ubushinwa.
Umuyobozi ushinzwe kwamamaza muri visteon muri Aziya ya pasifika, Yang Weihua, yagize ati: “Izamuka ry’ibikoresho fatizo ryakuyeho inyungu zidahenze z’abatanga ibicuruzwa byaho, ariko ubucuruzi bwa Visteon mu Bushinwa buzakomeza kwiyongera ku buryo bugaragara.”
Ati: “Ingaruka zihuse zizagira ingaruka ku baguzi baho, nubwo ingaruka zishobora kutagaragara mu mwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri.”
Amakuru aturuka mu ishami rishinzwe kugura borgwarner (Ubushinwa) yavuze ko kuva mu 2006 kugeza 2010, igurishwa rya Borgwarner mu Bushinwa rizagera ku ntego ikomeye yo “kwiyongera inshuro eshanu mu myaka itanu”.
Kugeza ubu, Borgwarner ntabwo ishyigikiye Oems yaho mu Bushinwa gusa, ahubwo inakoresha Ubushinwa nk'umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi.
Ati: “Ihinduka ry'ivunjisha ry'ifaranga ry'amadolari y'Abanyamerika rizagira ingaruka ku byoherezwa muri Amerika gusa, ntibihagije kugira ngo bigire ingaruka ku izamuka rikomeye ry'ubucuruzi rusange bwa Borgwarner mu Bushinwa.”
Liu Xiaohong, ushinzwe itumanaho muri Delphi Ubushinwa, yizeye ko iterambere mu Bushinwa rizarenga 40% muri uyu mwaka.
Byongeye kandi, nk'uko Jiang Jian, visi perezida wa Delphi (Ubushinwa) abitangaza ngo ubucuruzi bwabwo mu karere ka Aziya ituje bwiyongera ku gipimo cya 26% buri mwaka, kandi ubucuruzi bwabwo mu Bushinwa bwiyongera 30% buri mwaka.
Ati: “Kubera iri terambere ryihuse, Delphi yahisemo gushinga ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya gatanu mu karere ka Aziya ya pasifika mu Bushinwa, kandi imirimo irakomeje.”
Dukurikije imibare ifatika, umubare w’ibice by’ishoramari n’inganda zishoramari mu Bushinwa bigera ku 500. Abatanga amasoko mpuzamahanga yose, barimo Visteon, Borgwarner na Delphi, bashinze imishinga ihuriweho cyangwa imishinga yose ifite mu Bushinwa nta kurobanura.
3. Marginalisation ya knockout irushanwa iratangira kumugaragaro
Abatanga ibicuruzwa mu gihugu, benshi muri bo bakomoka mu Bushinwa, barushijeho gushyirwa ku ruhande mu ntambara hagati y’ishoramari ry’amahanga ndetse n’imbere mu gihugu.
Urugero rusanzwe ni uko hafi ya byose mu bice bigize uruganda rw’ibanze byiharira rwose amasosiyete mpuzamahanga mu buryo bwo kwihangira imirimo cyangwa gufata wenyine. Dukurikije imibare, ishoramari ry’amahanga mu isoko ry’ibinyabiziga by’Ubushinwa ryagize imigabane irenga 60%, kandi mu nganda z’imodoka, abahanga bamwe bavuga ko izagera kuri 80% .Iyongeyeho, mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki y’imodoka n’ibindi bicuruzwa bikoresha tekinoroji ndetse n’ibice byingenzi nka moteri, garebox n’ibindi bice byingenzi, kugenzura amahanga ku mugabane w’isoko ni hejuru ya 90% .Bamwe mu bahanga ndetse banaburiye ko nk'abatanga ibice hejuru y’urunani rw’inganda z’imodoka, nibamara gutakaza umwanya wiganje ku isoko, birashoboka ko bivuze ko inganda z’imodoka zaho zizaba "zuzuye".
Kugeza ubu, inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zasigaye inyuma cyane mu iterambere ry’imodoka zose, kandi muri rusange guhangana n’ibigo by’ibinyabiziga by’Ubushinwa biragabanuka.Bitewe no gutekereza cyane ku mashami abishoboye yinganda zita cyane kuri moteri nkuru kuruta ibice, gutinda byabaye imbogamizi nini mu iterambere ry’inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa.
Mu gihe abatanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa bagenda biyongera cyane, kutagira ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze mu bicuruzwa byabo, hamwe n’intege nke mu nganda z’ibanze nko gukora ibyuma n’inganda za plastiki mu nganda, ni impamvu zituma abakora ibinyabiziga batizera ikizere ku bakora ibicuruzwa byaho. Fata Borgwarner (Ubushinwa) nka an urugero.Kugeza ubu, hafi 70% by'abatanga borgWarner baturuka mu Bushinwa, ariko 30% gusa ni bo bashobora gushyirwa ku rutonde rw'abatanga isoko, mu gihe abandi batanga amaherezo bazavaho.
Ibicuruzwa bitanga urusobe rwibinyabuzima birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu ukurikije imbaraga nigabana ryakazi: Nukuvuga ko Tier1 (tier) niyo itanga sisitemu yimodoka, Tier2 niyo itanga ibiterane byimodoka / module, naho Tier3 niyo itanga imodoka ibice / ibice.Byinshi mu bice by’imbere mu gihugu biri mu nkambi ya Tier2 na Tier3, kandi nta nganda ziri muri Tier1. ”
Kugeza ubu, Tier1 yiganjemo amasosiyete mpuzamahanga agizwe n’ibihugu nka Bosch, Waystone na Delphi, mu gihe ibigo byinshi byo mu karere ari bike bitanga ibikoresho bya Tier3 hamwe n’ibicuruzwa fatizo, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga rito ndetse n’uburyo bukoreshwa cyane.
Gusa mugukora udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro birashobora gukora ibicuruzwa by’imodoka zo mu Bushinwa bishobora gukuraho burundu ikibazo cyo "guhezwa cyane mu musaruro, ikoranabuhanga n’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere".
Bitatu, ibice byimodoka byaho bishyigikira ibigo uburyo bwo kwerekana kuzenguruka
Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda z’imodoka mu Bushinwa, Ubushinwa bwabaye ku mwanya wa gatatu ku isi mu gukoresha imodoka.Mu 2007, imodoka PARC izagera kuri miliyoni 45, muri zo imodoka yigenga PARC ni miliyoni 32.5.Mu myaka yashize, imodoka yo mu Bushinwa PARC yazamutse vuba, iza ku mwanya wa 6 ku isi.Muri 2020, irashobora kugera kuri miliyoni 133, ikaza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi, ikaza ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma y’Amerika, hanyuma ikinjira mu gihe cy’iterambere rihamye.
Ifite amahirwe atagira imipaka yubucuruzi, yuzuye igikundiro, irategereje ko dutezimbere "ikirombe cya zahabu" .Ni iterambere ryihuse ry’imodoka, inganda z’ibinyabiziga nazo zageze ku iterambere ryihuse. Isoko ry’Ubushinwa cake nini ifite hafi mpuzamahanga yose ikirangantego kizwi cyane cyimodoka, cyane cyane mumyaka yashize, nko gusarura Delphi, visteon, denso, ibice bya Michelin, muller nibindi bicuruzwa mpuzamahanga bizwi cyane, hamwe nibyiza byikirango cyayo mpuzamahanga mumasoko yimodoka yimodoka yabashinwa yazamutse, gushingwa Ingaruka zikomeye ku isoko ryimodoka zo murugo, Iterambere ryimodoka zo murugo imbere mubihe byoroshye, mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga izengurutse byabaye ikintu cyambere mubikorwa byimodoka zaho.
1. Kora ikirango cyigenga "cyumvikana" kugirango ugere ku ntera
Ibiranga amamodoka yo mu mahanga akunze gukoresha ubushishozi gukoresha imitekerereze idahwitse y’abaguzi b’abashinwa, kandi bakambara nk'ibirango by’imodoka babigize umwuga bitewe n’amakoti yabo “y’amahanga” na “sosiyete mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga” kugira ngo bagirire ikizere abaguzi.Ku icyarimwe, kubera iyi chong psychologique, abakiriya benshi bazitwa amazina yo gutumiza ibikoresho byo murwego rwohejuru, kuko mumaso yabo, ibikoresho byo murugo nibicuruzwa byo hasi gusa.
Turashobora kuvuga ko kutagira ibicuruzwa ari imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye z’inganda z’imodoka z’abashinwa zaho.Mu myaka yashize, nubwo inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zateye imbere cyane, ariko ugereranije n’inganda mpuzamahanga zikomeye, turacyafite icyuho kinini, icyacu ibigo by'imodoka ndetse ntibifite bike bireke abantu bishimira kandi bishimira ikirango cya "ringing". Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibigo byimodoka bigomba kwitondera imiterere no kwerekana imiterere yabyo bwite, kandi bigashiraho ibirango byabashinwa bifite imiterere yigenga.Mu modoka impuguke yizera ko mu gushyiraho gahunda y’iterambere ryigenga n’ubushobozi, no gushinga itsinda ryigenga ry’iterambere, amaherezo ibigo bishobora kwerekana “ikirango” cyabyo kandi bigashyiraho irushanwa ryo guca ukubiri n’amahanga.
Amarushanwa mu bice by’imodoka arakaze cyane, cyane cyane mu gihe isi igenda irushaho kwiyongera mu bukungu bw’isi, ibihangange byinshi by’imodoka mpuzamahanga byinjiye ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa, inganda z’imodoka zo mu gihugu zihura n’umuvuduko mwinshi. ibipimo ninganda mu nganda nkintego zabo zo gukurikiza amahame no kwiteza imbere kurwego rwo hejuru.Kwitoza amayeri imwe cyangwa abiri cyangwa menshi abandi badafite "amayeri", kuzamura irushanwa ryibicuruzwa byibigo biva mubyabo, gushiraho inyungu zidasanzwe. Tugomba kwagura byihuse ubushobozi bwacu nubunini, kandi byihuse gukomera no kuba binini.Kurema urwego rwisi rukomeye rwigenga rwigenga, gushiraho "hejuru, idasanzwe, ikomeye" "ingaruka yibiranga" .Mu myaka yashize, Ibigo by’imodoka by’Ubushinwa byagaragaye ibicuruzwa bimwe bihagaze neza ku isoko, nk'ibicuruzwa rusange, n'ibindi. erekana ikirango cyabo.Nkuko nkibikorwa byumwuga nigikorwa cyo hejuru, piston yo mu rwego rwo hagati yo hagati ya piston, ibikoresho, pompe yamavuta yimashini ya hunan inzuzi (itsinda) co., LTD., mumyaka yashize, ihita ihuza nisoko, ihora itezimbere urwego rwo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryibicuruzwa nubwiza bwibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa byinganda bikomeje kuba umwanya wambere mumarushanwa yisoko, bityo bigatanga uburyo bwiza kugirango ibigo byitabira amarushanwa mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga. "piston ya Jiangbin" yabaye ikirango kizwi cyane mu nganda, yashyizwe ku rutonde nk'inganda, “ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane mu ntara”.
2. Guhanga udushya twibanze kugirango tugere ku ntera yo hejuru
Isoko ryohejuru ryibice byimodoka ryamye ari irushanwa.Kuhereye ku nyungu zamasoko, nubwo ibice byimodoka zo murwego rwohejuru bingana na 30% byisoko ryimodoka zose kurubu, inyungu irenze cyane inyungu zose za ibicuruzwa byo hagati n'ibiciriritse.Nubwo inganda zikora amamodoka mu Bushinwa zabaye intambwe ku isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ariko abakora amamodoka yo mu mahanga, n’imbaraga zayo zikomeye mu bukungu na tekiniki, ibicuruzwa bikuze ndetse n’uburambe mu micungire y’umusaruro, hiyongereyeho amatsinda menshi y’imodoka yashinze a Ihuriro ry’ingamba, ryigaruriye ibice byingenzi by’isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa, kugenzura ikoranabuhanga rihanitse, ibicuruzwa byunguka cyane.Ariko ibigo by’imbere mu gihugu “urugamba rwo mu rwego rwo hasi” rwakajije umurego, byerekana ko “igihombo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru” .
"Akajagari gake mu nganda z’imodoka z’abashinwa" n "" igihombo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru "nukuri kwerekana aho gihagaze ku mpera y’urunigi rw’inganda, kandi intandaro y’ibihe byifashe muri iki gihe inganda z’imodoka z’abashinwa ziri muri kubura tekinoroji yibanze yibigo byaho, bidashobora kwerekana "ubuhanga budasanzwe".
Ifite amahirwe atagira imipaka yubucuruzi, yuzuye igikundiro, irategereje ko dutezimbere "ikirombe cya zahabu" .Ni iterambere ryihuse ry’imodoka, inganda z’ibinyabiziga nazo zageze ku iterambere ryihuse. Isoko ry’Ubushinwa cake nini ifite hafi mpuzamahanga yose ikirangantego kizwi cyane cyimodoka, cyane cyane mumyaka yashize, nko gusarura Delphi, visteon, denso, ibice bya Michelin, muller nibindi bicuruzwa mpuzamahanga bizwi cyane, hamwe nibyiza byikirango cyayo mpuzamahanga mumasoko yimodoka yimodoka yabashinwa yazamutse, gushingwa Ingaruka zikomeye ku isoko ryimodoka zo murugo, Iterambere ryimodoka zo murugo imbere mubihe byoroshye, mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga izengurutse byabaye ikintu cyambere mubikorwa byimodoka zaho.
1. Kora ikirango cyigenga "cyumvikana" kugirango ugere ku ntera
Ibiranga amamodoka yo mu mahanga akunze gukoresha ubushishozi gukoresha imitekerereze idahwitse y’abaguzi b’abashinwa, kandi bakambara nk'ibirango by’imodoka babigize umwuga bitewe n’amakoti yabo “y’amahanga” na “sosiyete mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga” kugira ngo bagirire ikizere abaguzi.Ku icyarimwe, kubera iyi chong psychologique, abakiriya benshi bazitwa amazina yo gutumiza ibikoresho byo murwego rwohejuru, kuko mumaso yabo, ibikoresho byo murugo nibicuruzwa byo hasi gusa.
Turashobora kuvuga ko kutagira ibicuruzwa ari imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye z’inganda z’imodoka z’abashinwa zaho.Mu myaka yashize, nubwo inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zateye imbere cyane, ariko ugereranije n’inganda mpuzamahanga zikomeye, turacyafite icyuho kinini, icyacu ibigo by'imodoka ndetse ntibifite bike bireke abantu bishimira kandi bishimira ikirango cya "ringing". Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibigo byimodoka bigomba kwitondera imiterere no kwerekana imiterere yabyo bwite, kandi bigashiraho ibirango byabashinwa bifite imiterere yigenga.Mu modoka impuguke yizera ko mu gushyiraho gahunda y’iterambere ryigenga n’ubushobozi, no gushinga itsinda ryigenga ry’iterambere, amaherezo ibigo bishobora kwerekana “ikirango” cyabyo kandi bigashyiraho irushanwa ryo guca ukubiri n’amahanga.
Amarushanwa mu bice by’imodoka arakaze cyane, cyane cyane mu gihe isi igenda irushaho kwiyongera mu bukungu bw’isi, ibihangange byinshi by’imodoka mpuzamahanga byinjiye ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa, inganda z’imodoka zo mu gihugu zihura n’umuvuduko mwinshi. ibipimo ninganda mu nganda nkintego zabo zo gukurikiza amahame no kwiteza imbere kurwego rwo hejuru.Kwitoza amayeri imwe cyangwa abiri cyangwa menshi abandi badafite "amayeri", kuzamura irushanwa ryibicuruzwa byibigo biva mubyabo, gushiraho inyungu zidasanzwe. Tugomba kwagura byihuse ubushobozi bwacu nubunini, kandi byihuse gukomera no kuba binini.Kurema urwego rwisi rukomeye rwigenga rwigenga, gushiraho "hejuru, idasanzwe, ikomeye" "ingaruka yibiranga" .Mu myaka yashize, Ibigo by’imodoka by’Ubushinwa byagaragaye ibicuruzwa bimwe bihagaze neza ku isoko, nk'ibicuruzwa rusange, n'ibindi. erekana ikirango cyabo.Nkuko nkibikorwa byumwuga nigikorwa cyo hejuru, piston yo mu rwego rwo hagati yo hagati ya piston, ibikoresho, pompe yamavuta yimashini ya hunan inzuzi (itsinda) co., LTD., mumyaka yashize, ihita ihuza nisoko, ihora itezimbere urwego rwo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryibicuruzwa nubwiza bwibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa byinganda bikomeje kuba umwanya wambere mumarushanwa yisoko, bityo bigatanga uburyo bwiza kugirango ibigo byitabira amarushanwa mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga. "piston ya Jiangbin" yabaye ikirango kizwi cyane mu nganda, yashyizwe ku rutonde nk'inganda, “ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane mu ntara”.
2. Guhanga udushya twibanze kugirango tugere ku ntera yo hejuru
Isoko ryohejuru ryibice byimodoka ryamye ari irushanwa.Kuhereye ku nyungu zamasoko, nubwo ibice byimodoka zo murwego rwohejuru bingana na 30% byisoko ryimodoka zose kurubu, inyungu irenze cyane inyungu zose za ibicuruzwa byo hagati n'ibiciriritse.Nubwo inganda zikora amamodoka mu Bushinwa zabaye intambwe ku isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ariko abakora amamodoka yo mu mahanga, n’imbaraga zayo zikomeye mu bukungu na tekiniki, ibicuruzwa bikuze ndetse n’uburambe mu micungire y’umusaruro, hiyongereyeho amatsinda menshi y’imodoka yashinze a Ihuriro ry’ingamba, ryigaruriye ibice byingenzi by’isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa, kugenzura ikoranabuhanga rihanitse, ibicuruzwa byunguka cyane.Ariko ibigo by’imbere mu gihugu “urugamba rwo mu rwego rwo hasi” rwakajije umurego, byerekana ko “igihombo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru” .
"Akajagari gake mu nganda z’imodoka z’abashinwa" n "" igihombo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru "nukuri kwerekana aho gihagaze ku mpera y’urunigi rw’inganda, kandi intandaro y’ibihe byifashe muri iki gihe inganda z’imodoka z’abashinwa ziri muri kubura tekinoroji yibanze yibigo byaho, bidashobora kwerekana "ubuhanga budasanzwe".
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-23-2021